abstract：:MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways contribute to the regulation of diverse responses, including normal and pathological aspects of cell growth, division, differentiation and death. Their ubiquity and versatility raise the issue of how they achieve specific coupling of signal with cellular resp...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Bardwell L

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nicotinic ACh (acetylcholine) and 5-HT3 (5-hydroxytryptamine type-3) receptors are cation-selective ion channels of the Cys-loop transmitter-gated ion channel superfamily. Numerous lines of evidence indicate that the channel lining domain of such receptors is formed by the alpha-helical M2 domain (second transmembrane...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Peters JA,Carland JE,Cooper MA,Livesey MR,Deeb TZ,Hales TG,Lambert JJ

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) receptor trafficking is a fundamental mechanism for regulating synaptic strength, and hence may underlie cellular processes involved in learning and memory. PICK1 (protein that interacts with protein C-kinase) has recently emerged as a key regulator of AM...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Hanley JG

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biophysical techniques developed during the last three decades have provided an increasingly detailed description of the internal processes associated with ligand capture and release by haem proteins. Myoglobin has long been the paradigm for these studies. More recently, cytochrome P450cam (the camphor-metabolizing cy...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Lavalette D,Tétreau C,Mouawad L

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Co-ordinated myocyte handling of calcium is essential for efficient excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. The calcium cycling activity can be modulated by adrenergic stimulation and subsequent phosphorylation. Important functional consequences of phosphorylation include a greater influx of calcium through the ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Lygren B,Taskén K

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Homologous recombination is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis in most sexual organisms. Meiotic recombination is initiated by the formation of DSBs (DNA double-strand breaks) made by the Spo11 protein. We review here recent findings pertaining to protein-protein interactions important for DS...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Keeney S,Neale MJ

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Whereas spontaneous point mutation operates on nucleotides individually, sexual recombination manipulates the set of nucleotides within an allele as an essentially particulate unit. In principle, these two different scales of variation enable selection to follow fitness gradients in two different spaces: in nucleotide...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Watson RA,Weinreich DM,Wakeley J

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The neurotrophins nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NT-3 (neurotrophin 3) and NT-4 are known for regulating neuron development, function and survival. Beyond this, neurotrophins were found to exert multiple effects on non-neuronal cells such as immune cells, smooth muscle and epithelial cells. In...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Rochlitzer S,Nassenstein C,Braun A

更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We recently showed that transport of ergosterol from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) to the sterol-enriched PM (plasma membrane) in yeast occurs by a non-vesicular (Sec18p-independent) mechanism that results in the equilibration of sterol pools in the two organelles [Baumann, Sullivan, Ohvo-Rekilä, Simonot, Pottekat, K...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Sullivan DP,Ohvo-Rekilä H,Baumann NA,Beh CT,Menon AK

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The endoplasmic reticulum is traditionally perceived as the key compartment for regulating intracellular cholesterol metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that the endocytic pathway provides an additional regulatory level governing intracellular cholesterol trafficking and homoeostasis. Sterols can enter, and appar...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Hölttä-Vuori M,Ikonen E

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The interaction of chemokines and GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) on endothelial surfaces is a crucial step for establishing a chemotactic gradient which leads to the functional presentation of chemokines to their GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) and thus to activation of approaching leucocytes. Based on molecular modell...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Potzinger H,Geretti E,Brandner B,Wabitsch V,Piccinini AM,Rek A,Kungl AJ

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The PDC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) plays a central role in the maintenance of glucose homoeostasis in mammals. The carbon flux through the PDC is meticulously controlled by elaborate mechanisms involving post-translational (short-term) phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and transcriptional (long-term) controls. T...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Patel MS,Korotchkina LG

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:AWAP IV constitutes the C-terminal domain of the larger 81 kDa protein AWAK [Avian WAP (whey acidic protein) domain- and Kunitz domain-containing], which is predicted, through conserved domain database searching, to contain at least four WAP domains and one Kunitz domain. RT (reverse transcription)-PCR analyses reveal...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Townes CL,Milona P,Hall J

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Laccases are oxidase enzymes produced by 'white rot' fungi as part of a complex armoury of redox enzymes used to break down lignin--part of the carbon cycle of nature. Laccases alone or in combination with redox co-catalysts have been shown to oxidize xenobiotic compounds under conditions that can be described as 'gre...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Wells A,Teria M,Eve T

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mRNA coding for FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor 2), a major angiogenic factor, is translated by an IRES (internal ribosome entry site)-dependent mechanism. We have studied the role of the IRES in the regulation of FGF-2 expression in vivo, under pathophysiological conditions, by creating transgenic mice lines expr...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Gonzalez-Herrera IG,Prado-Lourenco L,Teshima-Kondo S,Kondo K,Cabon F,Arnal JF,Bayard F,Prats AC

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:GRIF-1 [GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)) receptor interacting factor-1] is a member of a coiled-coil family of proteins thought to function as adaptors in the anterograde trafficking of organelles utilizing the kinesin-1 motor proteins to synapses. To study in more detail the molecular interaction between GRIF-1 a...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Pozo K,Stephenson FA

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:c-Type cytochromes are characterized by covalent attachment of haem to protein through thioether bonds between the vinyl groups of the haem and the thiols of a Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Cys-His motif. Proteins of this type play crucial roles in the biochemistry of the nitrogen cycle. Many Gram-negative bacteria use the Ccm (cytochr...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Allen JW,Ferguson SJ

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1 assimilates nitrate under anaerobic phototrophic growth conditions. A 17 kb DNA region encoding the nitrate assimilation (nas) system of this bacterium has been cloned and sequenced. This region includes the genes coding for a putative ABC (ATP-binding cassette)-t...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Pino C,Olmo-Mira F,Cabello P,Martínez-Luque M,Castillo F,Roldán MD,Moreno-Vivián C

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum is post-translationally regulated by DRAG (dinitrogenase reductase glycohydrolase) and DRAT (dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosylation transferase). When a sudden increase in fixed nitrogen concentration or energy depletion is sensed by the cells, DRAG is inactivated and DR...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Wang H,Norén A

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The identification of nitric oxide-bound leghaemoglobin within soya bean nodules has led to the question of how Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids overcome the toxicity of this nitric oxide. It has previously been shown that one candidate for nitric oxide detoxification, the respiratory nitric oxide reductase, is exp...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Meakin GE,Jepson BJ,Richardson DJ,Bedmar EJ,Delgado MJ

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We study how mechanical forces integrate spatially and temporally with regulatory signals at the leading edge of migrating cells. To probe the dynamics of this system, we developed quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy, which maps out actin cytoskeleton transport, assembly and disassembly with high spatial resol...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Danuser G

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocytosis of transmembrane receptors largely occurs via clathrin-coated vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo to the endosomal system for recycling or degradation. PIs (phosphoinositides) control the timing and localization of endocytic membrane trafficking by recruiting adaptors and oth...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Haucke V

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:cAMP is an essential signalling molecule whose concentration in cells is regulated by a wide range of hormones. A large number of diseases, including cancer and asthma, are linked to improper regulation of the cAMP signalling system, and manipulation of cAMP levels by pharmaceutical agents has proven therapeutic benef...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Yarwood SJ

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA; 1-acyl-3-phosphoglycerol) exerts its biological activity through both extracellular and intracellular targets. Receptor targets include the cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors LPA(1-4) and the nuclear PPAR-gamma (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma). Enzyme targets include...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Parrill AL

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple cellular proteins have been identified as participating in Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-mediated inflammatory gene expression. The continuing isolation of novel components, based on sequence similarities, protein-protein interactions and protein purification, suggests that many elements of this signalling netw...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Kiss-Toth E,Wyllie DH,Holland K,Marsden L,Jozsa V,Oxley KM,Polgar T,Qwarnstrom EE,Dower SK

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene-poor human chromosomes are reproducibly found at the nuclear periphery in proliferating cells. There are a number of inner nuclear envelope proteins that may have roles in chromosome location and anchorage, e.g. emerin and A-type lamins. In the last decade, a number of diseases associated with tissue degeneration...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Meaburn KJ,Levy N,Toniolo D,Bridger JM

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ribosome is the macromolecular machinery in the host cell for which all viruses have to compete. Early in infection, the viral mRNAs have to compete with the host for both the ribosomes and for the limited pool of eukaryotic initiation factors that are needed to facilitate the recruitment of ribosomes to both vira...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Sarnow P,Cevallos RC,Jan E

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mouse ES (embryonic stem) cells maintain pluripotency with robust proliferation in vitro. ES cells share some similarities with cancer cells, such as anchorage-independent growth, loss of contact inhibition and tumour formation. After differentiation, ES cells lose pluripotency and tumorigenicity. Recent studies showe...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Takahashi K,Murakami M,Yamanaka S

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Molecular dynamics simulations may be used to probe the interactions of membrane proteins with lipids and with detergents at atomic resolution. Examples of such simulations for ion channels and for bacterial outer membrane proteins are described. Comparison of simulations of KcsA (an alpha-helical bundle) and OmpA (a ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Sansom MS,Bond PJ,Deol SS,Grottesi A,Haider S,Sands ZA

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insect and mammalian circadian clocks show striking similarities. They utilize homologous clock genes, generating self-sustained circadian oscillations in distinct master clocks of the brain, which then control rhythmic behaviour. The molecular mechanisms of rhythm generation were first uncovered in the fruit fly Dros...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Helfrich-Förster C

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cystic fibrosis, one of the major human inherited diseases, is caused by defects in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), a cell-membrane protein. CFTR acts as a chloride channel which can be opened by ATP. Low-resolution structural studies of purified recombinant human CFTR are described in ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Awayn NH,Rosenberg MF,Kamis AB,Aleksandrov LA,Riordan JR,Ford RC

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Data from experimental studies in animals and from epidemiological studies in humans suggest a link between insulin and cognitive performance. Do these results translate into clinical and therapeutic benefit for people with cognitive impairment? Insulin injected peripherally can readily cross the blood-brain barrier. ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Strachan MW

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is clear evidence implicating oxidative stress in the pathology of many different neurodegenerative diseases. ROS (reactive oxygen species) are the primary mediators of oxidative stress and many of the aggregating proteins and peptides associated with neurodegenerative disease can generate hydrogen peroxide, a k...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Tabner BJ,El-Agnaf OM,German MJ,Fullwood NJ,Allsop D

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most of the effects of the signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) are mediated by the stimulation of the NO-sensitive GC (guanylate cyclase) and the subsequent increase in cGMP formation. The enzyme contains a prosthetic haem group, which mediates NO stimulation. In addition to the physiological activator NO, NO-sensit...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Koesling D,Mullershausen F,Lange A,Friebe A,Mergia E,Wagner C,Russwurm M

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The biosynthetic intermediate PRPP (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate) has a central role in cellular biochemistry since it links carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Its importance may be reflected in the fact that, in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) genome, there are five unlinked genes, PRS1-PRS5, each of which is theore...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Vavassori S,Wang K,Schweizer LM,Schweizer M

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Squalene epoxidase (Erg1p) is an essential enzyme in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in yeast. For its enzymatic activity, Erg1p requires molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H and FAD. Amino acid analysis and sequence alignment with other squalene epoxidases revealed two highly conserved FAD-binding domains, FAD I and FAD II....

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Ruckenstuhl C,Eidenberger A,Lang S,Turnowsky F

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein-protein interactions are a regulatory mechanism for a number of physiological and pathological cellular processes. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD (Alzheimer's disease), are associated with the accelerated production or delayed clearance of protein aggregates. Hence, inhibition of pathologic protein-pro...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Bose M,Gestwicki JE,Devasthali V,Crabtree GR,Graef IA

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:PD (Parkinson's disease) is an aetiologically heterogeneous disorder characterized by a clinical phenotype consisting of resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. Motor symptoms are associated with a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, with Lewy body inclusions within surviving neurons. Although heritability st...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Ross OA,Farrer MJ

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rho-family GTPases regulate various aspects of cell function by controlling cytoskeletal changes; however, their spatial regulation within the cells remains largely unknown. To understand this regulation, we have studied the spatiotemporal activity of Rho-family GTPases in migrating cells and growth factor-stimulated ...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Kurokawa K,Nakamura T,Aoki K,Matsuda M

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is strong evidence for an important role for increased COX (cyclo-oxygenase)-2 expression and PG (prostaglandin) E2 production in colorectal tumorigenesis. PGE(2) acts through four E-prostanoid receptors (EP1-4). COX-2 has therefore become a target for the potential chemoprevention and therapy of colorectal canc...

journal_title：Biochemical Society transactions

authors： Chell S,Patsos HA,Qualtrough D,H-Zadeh AM,Hicks DJ,Kaidi A,Witherden IR,Williams AC,Paraskeva C

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00